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Go to http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx? id=8109 [microsoft.com] and download. When it asks you where to put the files put the files in "C:\Program Files\Origin Games\Battlefield 3\__Installer\directx\redist". After that, retry to further install the game.
If this doesn't work go to C:\Program Files\Origin Games\Battlefield 3\__Installer\directx\redist and delete every .cab file. Don't delete the .dll's and .exe.